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Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
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Sexually Transmitted Diseases Statistics
- In the United States, more than 12 million new cases of sexually transmitted diseases
(STDs) occur each year, at least 3 million of them among teenagers.1
- Of the top 10 reportable diseases in the United States in 1995, five are STDs
(chlamydial infection, gonorrhea, AIDS, primary and secondary syphilis, and hepatitis B
virus infection).2
- Approximately two-thirds of people who acquire STDs in the United States are younger
than 25.1
- Each year in the United States, approximately $10 billion is spent on major STDs (other
than HIV/AIDS) and their preventable complications. This figure rises to approximately $17
billion if sexually transmitted human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are
included.1
- Worldwide, an estimated 333 million new cases of four curable STDs (gonorrhea,
chlamydial infection, syphilis and trichomoniasis) occurred among adults 15 to 49 years of
age in 1995.3
- The World Bank has estimated that STDs, excluding AIDS, are the second leading cause of
healthy life lost among women between ages 15 to 44 in the developing world.4
HIV/AIDS
- Through 1996, an estimated 29.4 people worldwide had been infected with HIV, of whom
approximately 8.4 million have developed AIDS. Cumulative AIDS-related deaths worldwide as
of December 1996 numbered approximately 6.4 million.5
- In 1996 alone, HIV/AIDS-associated illnesses caused the deaths of approximately 1.5
million people worldwide.5
- In the United States, 581,429 cases of AIDS had been reported to the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC) as of Dec. 30, 1996. Of these people, 362,004 had died by the
end of 1996.6
- In 1994, the total cost of sexually transmitted HIV infection in the United States was
approximately $6.7 billion.1
Chlamydial Infection
- Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common bacterial STD in the United
States. More than 4 million new cases are estimated to occur annually, including 2.6
million cases among women.1
- As many as 85 percent of women with chlamydial infections are asymptomatic; 40 percent
of infected men report no symptoms.1
- In 1995, 477,638 chlamydial infections were reported to the CDC, a case rate of 182 per
100,000 population.8
- From 1987 to 1995, the annual reported rate of chlamydial infections in the United
States increased 261 percent (from 48 to 182 cases per 100,000).8
- In 1994, the total cost of chlamydial infections in the United States was estimated to
be $2.0 billion.1
- Worldwide, an estimated 89 million new chlamydial infections occurred in 1996.9
- If not adequately treated, 20 to 40 percent of women with genital chlamydial infections
develop pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which in turn causes problems such as
infertility, ectopic pregnancy and chronic pelvic pain.1
Gonorrhea
- An estimated 800,000 cases of gonorrhea, caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, occur annually
in the United States.1
- In 1995, 392,848 cases of gonorrhea in the United States were reported to the CDC, a
case rate of 150/100,000.10
- In 1994, costs associated with gonorrhea in the United States totalled an estimated $1.1
billion.1
- Worldwide, an estimated 62 million new cases of gonorrhea occurred in 1996.9
- If not adequately treated, 10 to 40 percent of women infected with gonorrhea develop
PID.1
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
- At least 1 million cases of PID, an important complication of both gonorrhea and
chlamydial infection, occur annually in the United States.1
- Of all infertile women, at least 15 percent are infertile because of tubal damage caused
by PID.1
- Total costs associated with PID in the United States were estimated to be $6 billion in
1996.14
- Following PID, scarring will cause approximately 20 percent of women to become
infertile, 18 percent to develop chronic pelvic pain, and 9 percent to have ectopic
pregnancies.11
Genital Herpes
- Approximately 200,000 to 500,000 new cases of genital herpes occur each year in the
United States; at least 31 million individuals are already infected.1
- Costs associated with genital herpes totalled approximately $237 million in 1994.1
Hepatitis B
- An estimated 53,000 cases of sexually transmitted hepatitis B infection occurred in the
United States in 1994.1
- Costs associated with sexually transmitted hepatitis B in the United States totalled
$156 million in 1994.1
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection
- An estimated 24 million people in the United states are infected with HPV, and as many
as 1 million new infections occur each year.1
- Cervical infection with oncogenic types of HPV is associated with more than 80 percent
of cases of invasive cervical cancer.12
- An estimated 14,500 cases of invasive cervical cancer will be diagnosed in the United
States in 1997.13
- In 1997, an estimated 4,800 American women will die of cervical cancer.13
- Worldwide, cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women. More than
525,000 new cases and 247,000 deaths occurred in 1996.9
- In the United States, total costs associated with HPV (excluding HPV-related cervical
cancer) were an estimated $3.8 billion in 1994 in the United States.1
- Total costs associated with HPV-related cervical cancer totalled approximately $737
million in 1994.1
Syphilis
- An estimated 101,000 sexually transmitted infections with Treponema pallidum, the cause
of syphilis, occur each year in the United States; in addition, approximately 3,400
newborns acquire the infection from their mothers before or during birth.1
- Globally, an estimated 12 million new cases of sexually acquired syphilis occurred in
1996.9
- In 1995, 16,500 cases of primary and secondary syphilis in the United States were
reported to the CDC, a case rate of 6.3/100,000. The rate of reported syphilis cases among
African Americans was nearly 60 times greater than that among whites.10
- Costs associated with syphilis in the United states totalled an estimated $106 million
in 1994.1
Trichomoniasis
- Globally, an estimated 170 million people acquired Trichomonas vaginalis, a sexually
transmitted parasite, in 1996 (WHO).9
- Approximately 3 million cases of trichomoniasis occurred in the United States in 1994.1
Chancroid
- An estimated 2 million new cases of chancroid, caused by Haemophilus ducreyi, occurred
globally in 1996.9
- Approximately 3,500 new cases of chancroid occurred in the United States in 1994.1
- Costs associated with chancroid in the United States totalled an estimated $1 million in
1994.1
References:
- Institute of Medicine. Committee on Prevention and Control of Sexually Transmitted
Diseases. The Hidden Epidemic: Confronting Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Eng TR and
Butler WT, eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1997.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ten leading nationally notifiable diseases
-- United States, 1995. MMWR 1996;45:883-884.
- World Health Organization. Global Prevalence and Incidence of Selected Curable Sexually
Transmitted Diseases: Overview and Estimates. Geneva: WHO, 1996.
- World Bank. World Development Report, 1993: Investing in Health. New York: Oxford
University Press,
- World Health Organization. Weekly Epidemiological Record 1997;72:17-24.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Year-End HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report,
1996;8(no. 2):
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for HIV, STD and TB
Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 1994. Atlanta: CDC, 1995.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection --
United States, 1995. MMWR 1997;46(9):193-198.
- World Health Organization. World Health Report 1997. Geneva: WHO 1997.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for HIV, STD and TB
Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 1995. Atlanta: CDC 1996.
- Westrom L, et al. Pelvic inflammatory disease and fertility. A cohort of 1,844 women
with laparoscopically verified disease and 657 control women with normal laparoscopic
results. Sex Transm Dis 1992;19:185-92.
- National Institutes of Health. Consensus Development Statement on Cervical Cancer.
Bethesda, Maryland, April 1-3, 1996.
- American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures, 1997.
- Washington AE and Katz P. Cost of and payment source for pelvic inflammatory disease -
trends and projections, 1983 through 2000. JAMA 1991;266(18):2565-2569.
NIAID, a component of the National Institutes of Health, supports
research on AIDS, malaria and other infectious diseases as well as allergies and
immunology.
Prepared by:
Office of Communications
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, MD 20892
Public Health Service
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
August 1997
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